Thriving Earthen Architecture Methods Continue to Flourish in Contemporary India: Top 10 Techniques
In the heart of the subcontinent, India's rich architectural landscape is undergoing a transformation. Modern architects are reinterpreting earthen architecture, a practice dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization, and breathing new life into it.
Multidisciplinary studios like Studio Inspatia, based in New Delhi, are leading this movement. They incorporate natural materials and contexts into contemporary projects, such as the Forest Within resort, seamlessly blending traditional sensibilities with modern design approaches. However, specific architects dedicated exclusively to earthen architecture are yet to be widely recognised.
Earthen architecture in India evolved differently across regions. In arid regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat, mud bricks and lime mortar were common, while in the Deccan plateau and southern India, stone and granite were more prevalent, but earthen techniques were still used in the construction of temples and other religious structures.
One of the most striking features of earthen buildings is their cultural significance. They are repositories of history, tradition, and communal identity. For instance, the Tala Treehouse Villa in Maharashtra stands as a testament to the beauty and functionality of traditional thatch roofing, made from dry vegetation like straw, reeds, or palm leaves.
Rammed earth construction, a technique suitable for hot and dry climates, is another integral part of earthen architecture. The Earth House in Gujarat showcases the resilient elegance of rammed earth construction with a minimalist design approach, blurring the lines between Interior Design and Interior Architecture.
To promote earthen architecture, various strategies can be implemented. These include education and training, research and development, capacity building and skill development, innovative design, policy support, and government policies and awareness programmes.
However, earthen architecture faces several challenges. These include perception and acceptance, skills and knowledge, regulatory hurdles, material sourcing and quality control, and technological advancements and skills gap. Nevertheless, its sustainable and eco-friendly nature, utilising natural and locally sourced materials like mud, clay, sand, and straw, makes it a viable alternative for contemporary construction.
Earthen architecture also plays a vital role in preserving cultural heritage and promoting community engagement. For example, Bhubaneswar's Krushi Bhawan, initially a government project, was transformed into a socially inclusive space that embraces art, craft, and community building, using locally sourced natural materials.
Innovative projects like Thannal Cob Homes, The IHA Residence, and the Hemp Slap Hut demonstrate the aesthetic and sustainable qualities of cob, CSEBs, and wattle and daub, respectively. Meanwhile, sustainable hotels like RAAS Devānya and Aranya Farmstay Resort reflect local culture and environment while reducing the carbon footprint of the construction.
Lastly, stone masonry, a technique used in India for centuries, is exemplified by the Kondan Retreat Resort in Pune. The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, built during the Indus Valley Civilization, are examples of earthen architectural achievements that continue to inspire modern architects today.
In conclusion, earthen architecture in India is undergoing a modern revival, with architects reinterpreting traditional techniques in contemporary projects. By promoting education, innovation, and sustainable practices, India can preserve its rich architectural heritage while moving towards a more eco-friendly future.
